OpenVPP Info
OpenVPP is building the global “internet for energy,” which will allow energy utilities to harness decentralized, on-chain, 24/7 stablecoin-based accounting, usage tracking, and payment solutions optimized to the specific needs of different smart energy use cases. OpenVPP has partnered with a world leading stablecoin issuer and a multi-billion dollar energy, power & utilities infrastructure provider (both to be announced upon launch) to provide a complete end-to-end decentralized payment layer for the energy economy.
TrustNet Score
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Real-Time Threat Detection
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Summary and Final Words
No crucial issues found
The contract does not contain issues of high or medium criticality. This means that no known vulnerabilities were found in the source code.
Contract owner cannot mint
It is not possible to mint new tokens.
Contract owner cannot blacklist addresses.
It is not possible to lock user funds by blacklisting addresses.
Contract owner cannot set high fees
The fees, if applicable, can be a maximum of 25% or lower. The contract can therefore not be locked. Please take a look in the comment section for more details.
Contract cannot be locked
Owner cannot lock any user funds.
Token cannot be burned
There is no burning within the contract without any allowances
Ownership is renounced
The contract does not include owner functions that allow post-deployment modifications.
Contract is not upgradeable
The contract does not use proxy patterns or other mechanisms to allow future upgrades. Its behavior is locked in its current state.
Scope of Work
This audit encompasses the evaluation of the files listed below, each verified with a SHA-1 Hash. The team referenced above has provided the necessary files for assessment.
The auditing process consists of the following systematic steps:
- Specification Review: Analyze the provided specifications, source code, and instructions to fully understand the smart contract's size, scope, and functionality.
- Manual Code Examination: Conduct a thorough line-by-line review of the source code to identify potential vulnerabilities and areas for improvement.
- Specification Alignment: Ensure that the code accurately implements the provided specifications and intended functionalities.
- Test Coverage Assessment: Evaluate the extent and effectiveness of test cases in covering the codebase, identifying any gaps in testing.
- Symbolic Execution: Analyze the smart contract to determine how various inputs affect execution paths, identifying potential edge cases and vulnerabilities.
- Best Practices Evaluation: Assess the smart contracts against established industry and academic best practices to enhance efficiency, maintainability, and security.
- Actionable Recommendations: Provide detailed, specific, and actionable steps to secure and optimize the smart contracts.
A file with a different Hash has been intentionally or otherwise modified after the security review. A different Hash may indicate a changed condition or potential vulnerability that was not within the scope of this review.
Final Words
The following provides a concise summary of the audit report, accompanied by insightful comments from the auditor. This overview captures the key findings and observations, offering valuable context and clarity.
Ownership Privileges
The contract includes functions that, prior to renouncement, allowed the owner to:
- The owner can enable trading only once.
- The owner can add liquidity to the contract before enabling trade.
- The owner can set the buy and sell fees to more than 25%.
- The owner can set the max transaction and max wallet limits.
- The owner can remove limits from the contract.
However, ownership has been renounced. These functions are now permanently disabled, and no changes can be made to the contract’s settings.
Note - This Audit report consists of a security analysis of the OpenVPP smart contract. This analysis did not include functional testing (or unit testing) of the contract’s logic. Moreover, we only audited one token contract for the OpenVPP team. Other contracts associated with the project were not audited by our team. We recommend investors do their own research before investing.
Files and details
Functions
public
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State variables
public
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Total lines
of code
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Capabilities
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Findings and Audit result
medium Issues | 1 findings
Resolved
#1 medium Issue
Excessively High Fee Limits (Buy: 50%, Sell: 40%)
The smart contract includes an upper limit on transaction fees; however, the maximum thresholds are configured at 50% for buy fees and 40% for sell fees. While technically capped, these values are disproportionately high and could lead to scenarios where users lose a significant portion of their funds. Such configurations reduce market participation, harm user confidence, and increase the risk of misuse if the owner sets fees close to these limits.
low Issues | 1 findings
Pending
#1 low Issue
Local variables shadowing (shadowing-local)
Rename the local variables that shadow another component.
informational Issues | 2 findings
Pending
#1 informational Issue
Remove safemath library
The compiler version above 0.8.0 has the ability to control arithmetic overflow/underflow. It is recommended to remove the unwanted code in order to avoid high gas fees.
Pending
#2 informational Issue
Missing events arithmetic
It is recommended to emit all the critical parameters changes.